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<title>Adpositional case</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adpositional case</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, the <b>prepositional case</b> (<a href="List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><b>PREP</b></span></span>) and the <b>postpositional case</b> (abbreviated <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><b>POST</b></span></span>) - generalised as <i>adpositional cases</i> - are <a href="Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a> that respectively mark the object of a <a href="Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">preposition and a postposition</a>. This term can be used in languages where nouns have a declensional form that appears <i>exclusively</i> in combination with certain prepositions.

</p><p>Because the objects of these prepositions often denote locations, this case is also sometimes called the <i><a href="Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a> case</i>: <a href="Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">lokál</i></span>/<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">lokativ</i></span>/<span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">lokatív</i></span>, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">miejscownik</i></span> in <a href="Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>. This is in concord with its origin: the Slavic prepositional case hails from the Proto-Indo-European locative case (present in <a href="Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, and <a href="Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a>, among others). The so-called "second locative" found in modern <a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> has ultimately the same origin.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In <a href="Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, nouns that are the objects of (most) prepositions may be marked with prepositional case, especially if preceded by the definite article. In traditional grammars, and in scholarly treatments of the early language, the term <i><a href="Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a></i> case is incorrectly used for the prepositional case. This case is exclusively associated with prepositions. However, not all prepositions trigger prepositional case marking, and a small group of prepositions which are termed <i>compound</i> mark their objects with <a href="Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a>, these prepositions being historically derived from the fusion of a preposition plus a following noun which has become grammaticalised. (Compare English "in front of", "because of".) Note however that many nouns no longer exhibit distinct prepositional case forms in the conversational language.

</p><p>In the <a href="Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto language</a>, there also exists a case that occurs only in combination with certain prepositions. It is more often called the "first oblique" than the prepositional.

</p><p>In many other languages, the term "prepositional case" is inappropriate, since the forms of nouns selected by prepositions also appear in non-prepositional contexts. For example, in English, prepositions govern the objective (or accusative) case, and so do verbs. In <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>, prepositions can govern the <a href="Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, or <a href="Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, and none of these cases are exclusively associated with prepositions.

</p><p><a href="Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> is a language which can be said to have a postpositional case. Nominals in Sindhi can take a “contracted” oblique form which may be used in ergative, dative, or locative constructions without a postposition, or a “full” oblique case ending expressed when forming a postpositional phrase. Differences in these forms are only observed in the plural.<sup id="cite_ref-trumpp-sindhi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trumpp-sindhi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional pronoun</a> (in some languages, a special pronoun form that is used with prepositions and hence could be called the <i>prepositional case</i> of that pronoun)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown2007" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Dunstan (2007). "Peripheral functions and overdifferentiation: The Russian second locative". <i>Russian Linguistics</i>. <b>31</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>76. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11185-006-0715-5">10.1007/s11185-006-0715-5</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40160837">40160837</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-trumpp-sindhi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trumpp-sindhi_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFErnest_Trumpp1872" class="citation cs2"><a href="Ernest_Trumpp" title="Ernest Trumpp">Ernest Trumpp</a> (1872), <i>Grammar of the Sindhi language: Compared with the Sanskrit-Prakrit and the cognate Indian vernaculars</i>, London: Trübner & Co., <a href="OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23437436M">23437436M</a>, <a href="WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117102027" class="extiw external" title="d:Q117102027">Q117102027</a></cite></span>

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</style><div id="Grammatical_cases131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Grammatical cases</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_grammatical_cases" title="List of grammatical cases">List of cases</a></li>

<li><a href="Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li>

<li><a href="Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a></li>

<li><a href="Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_case" title="Direct case">Direct</a></li>

<li><a href="Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a></li>

<li><a href="Intransitive_case" title="Intransitive case">Intransitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li>

<li><a href="Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">Oblique</a></li>

<li><a href="Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">Partitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Pegative_case" title="Pegative case">Pegative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location, time, direction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a></li>

<li><a href="Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a></li>

<li><a href="Antessive_case" title="Antessive case">Antessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Apudessive_case" title="Apudessive case">Apudessive</a></li>

<li>Approximative</li>

<li><a href="Delative_case" title="Delative case">Delative</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributive_case" title="Distributive case">Distributive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Distributive-temporal_case" title="Distributive-temporal case">-temporal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Egressive_case" title="Egressive case">Egressive</a></li>

<li><a href="Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative</a></li>

<li><a href="Illative_case" title="Illative case">Illative</a></li>

<li><a href="Inelative_case" title="Inelative case">Inelative</a></li>

<li><a href="Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrative_case" title="Intrative case">Intrative</a></li>

<li><a href="Lative_case" title="Lative case">Lative</a></li>

<li>Limitative</li>

<li><a href="Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a>

<ul><li>-qualitative</li></ul></li>

<li>Medial</li>

<li><a href="Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">Perlative</a></li>

<li><a href="Pertingent_case" title="Pertingent case">Pertingent</a></li>

<li>Postdirective</li>

<li><a href="Postelative_case" title="Postelative case">Postelative</a></li>

<li><a href="Postessive_case" title="Postessive case">Postessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">Prolative</a></li>

<li>Subdirective</li>

<li>Subelative</li>

<li><a href="Subessive_case" title="Subessive case">Subessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Sublative_case" title="Sublative case">Sublative</a></li>

<li>Superdirective</li>

<li>Superelative</li>

<li><a href="Superessive_case" title="Superessive case">Superessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Superlative_case" title="Superlative case">Superlative</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporal_case" title="Temporal case">Temporal</a></li>

<li><a href="Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possession, companion, instrument</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Abessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Caritive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritive case">Caritive</a></li>

<li><a href="Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li>

<li><a href="Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></li>

<li><a href="Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a>

<ul><li><a href="Instrumental-comitative_case" title="Instrumental-comitative case">-comitative</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ornative_case" title="Ornative case">Ornative</a></li>

<li><a href="Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessed</a></li>

<li><a href="Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Privative</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State, manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">Adverbial</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">Comparative</a></li>

<li><a href="Equative_case" title="Equative case">Equative</a></li>

<li><a href="Essive_case" title="Essive case">Essive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Essive-formal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Essive-formal case">-formal</a></li>

<li><a href="Essive-modal_case" title="Essive-modal case">-modal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Exessive_case" title="Exessive case">Exessive</a></li>

<li>Formal</li>

<li><a href="Instructive_case" title="Instructive case">Instructive</a></li>

<li><a href="Modal_case" title="Modal case">Modal</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiplicative_case" title="Multiplicative case">Multiplicative</a></li>

<li><a href="Orientative_case" title="Orientative case">Orientative</a></li>

<li><a href="Revertive_case" title="Revertive case">Revertive</a></li>

<li><a href="Semblative_case" title="Semblative case">Semblative</a></li>

<li><a href="Translative_case" title="Translative case">Translative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cause, purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aversive_case" title="Aversive case">Aversive</a></li>

<li><a href="Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">Benefactive</a></li>

<li><a href="Causative#Causal_case" title="Causative">Causal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Causative#Causal-final_case" title="Causative">-final</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Final_case" title="Final case">Final</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Prepositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional case">Postpositional/Prepositional</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">Vocative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">Classical Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Czech_declension" title="Czech declension">Czech</a></li>

<li><a href="Archaic_Dutch_declension" title="Archaic Dutch declension">Archaic Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a>

<ul><li><a href="Middle_English#Morphology" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old English</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Finnish_noun_cases" title="Finnish noun cases">Finnish</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="German_declension" title="German declension">German</a>

<ul><li><a href="Old_High_German_declension" title="Old High German declension">Old High German</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_declension" title="Gothic declension">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Declension_in_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Hindi">Hindi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_noun_phrase" title="Hungarian noun phrase">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_declension" title="Irish declension">Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_declension" title="Latin declension">Latin</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_declension" title="Latvian declension">Latvian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuanian_declension" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_declension" title="Russian declension">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_declension" title="Slovak declension">Slovak</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-09-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Adpositional_case&oldid=1248109844">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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